Tinnitus, a phenomenon of the nervous system, is directly connected to the ear. This phenomenon is characterised by perception of an internal beating or ringing like sound. This sound can appear to be a quiet background noise, or loud enough to drown out all outside sounds.Some Causes of tinnitus are:

1. A sudden loud bang or noise

2. Excessive Ear wax,

3. Acoustic neuroma,

4. Hypertension and atherosclerosis,

5. Severe anemia and renal failure,

6. Palatal myoclonus

7. Thyroid disorders

8. Glomus jugulare tumours

9. Lyme Disease

10.Loss of Hearing

11.Drugs: aspirin overdose, loop diuretics, aminoglycosides, quinine,

12.Injury to the head

13.Temporomandibular and cervical spine disorders,

14.Suppurative otitis media (also chronic infection and serous OM),

15.Otosclerosis,

16.Impacted wisdom teeth,

17.Meniere’s disease,

18.Arteriovenous fistulae and arterial bruits

19.Stress and depression

Some but not all types of tinnitus can be treated. This leaves the non-treatable types permanent. There are no cures directly for tinnitus, but because often times tinnitus is caused by a physical condition that can be treated, thetinnitusmay also dissapear as the physical condition dissapears. Permanent tinnitus can be very stressful psychologically to the affected individual as it distracts them affected from mental tasks and interferes with sleep. This is particularly when there is no external sound. Often times these individuals will use a device that will generate an artificial noise to mask the tinnitus sound.This process is called tinnitus retraining therapy. It is a widely known and practiced remedy to the noise. Although it doesn’t actually make the noise disappear, it makes the noise alot less annoying and disturbing the person who is affected; this makes the noise easier to ignore allowing the individual to concentrate on mental tasks.

Pneumonia, is when the lungs fill with fuild, and in turn prevent oxygen from reaching the bloodstream. This is a medical condition that can have result from severl diseases where the tiny, air-filled saces in the lung, which are responsible for absorbing oxygen from the air, are filled with fluid. Many different types of pneumonia exist. The most commony types are results of a bacterial infection of the lung. Several other things can cause pneumonia, such as viruses, fungi, and parasites. Another type of pneumonia occurs as a result of chemical or physical irritation to the lungs. A common sickness, pneumonia, occurs basically evenly among all age groups. Caused by infection in most cases, pneumonia, will often cause difficulty breathing, coughs, fevers, and chest pains. Antibiotic Medication is normally used to treat pneumonia when it has been caused by an infection. Victims of pneumonia will often have a cough that produces green/yellow sputum. This is one of the leading symptoms of pneumonia as well as a high fever followed by shaking chills. Pneumonia is usually diagnosed by health care providers observations on a patient’s symptoms and discoveries from various physical examinations. Pneumonia diagnoses can be difficult for some people. This is especially true for those who have other illnesses at the time of examination. Often times physical examination by a health provider may reveal low amount of oxygen in the blood, low blood pressure, an increased respiratory rate, low body temperature, a fast heart rate, or a fever.

Stuttering, scientifically known as stammering is a speech disorder in which the normal flow of speech is frequently disrupted by repetitions of sounds, syllables, words or phrases, pauses and prolongations that differ both in frequency and severity from those of a normally fluent speaker. The term stuttering is most often associated with involuntary sound repetition. An example of involuntary sound repetition, would be: – Trying to say the word «ken», but instead saying «k-k-ken» Often times these individuals will put words together. An example would be: – «Llllllets g-g-go home» Not only is stuttering involuntary sound repetition it also contains the unnormal hesitation or pausing before speech. This pause or hesitation is commonly called a «block». Alot of the variables that make up ‘true’ stuttering cannot be heard or seen by a listener. The things that cannot be observed include: – word and sound and situational fears – shame – anxiety – tension – «loss of control» feeling during speech Often times the most difficult aspect of the stutter or stammering disorder is the emotional state of the individual. The dissorder affects about 1.5% of the world’s adult population, and approximately 5% of children. A greater rate of stuttering has been observed in Africanand West Indies adults. These rates can be as high as 10%. Men around the globe make up about eighty percent of all stutterers. Part of this huge difference between male and females is attributed to the fact that women are so much more likely to outgrow or recover from the disorder. Presently there is no known cause for the disorder. There are several theories for the disorder; they can be divided into 3 categories. There is no known cause for stuttering. Theories about the causes of stuttering can be ided into three categories: ‘The «Monster» study’, ‘Genetics’, and ‘Childhood development’. Fast Facts: – Stuttering usually begins in early childhood, when a child is first developing his or her speech and language skills – The majority of stutters develop between the ages of two and five – Stutters can developed later in life, however are usually through a stroke or other type of brain trauma – 50% to 70% of all stutterers are related to another stutterer – Most children go through a stage of disfluency in early speech

The term «Anxiety disorder» has become a jacket term, covering many unique forms of abnormal anxiety, fears, phobias and nervous conditions. All of these conditions come on suddenly and prevent an individual from continuining daily routines. Of the several different types of anxiety disorder these are the most popular: – Claustrophobia – Social anxiety – Specific phobias – Obsessive-compulsive disorder – General anxiety disorder – Post-traumatic stress disorder – Agoraphobia – Panic disorder – Separation anxiety disorder Usually all of these disorders or conditions are chronix, and lifestyle restricting. Alot of times individuals will be born with their condition, but it is also known that they can begin suddenly after a triggering event. Stress is a known factor which will increase in their persistence. There are several drugs available on the market that treat these disorders. They are drugs like benzodiazepines and antidepressants. A good counselor or behavioural therapist is often able to treat the disorders through use of cognitive therapies. It is important to know that anxiety is a complicated combination of the feeling of fear and worry. It can occur as a primary brain disorder, but is often times associated with other medical problems. Anxiety is most of the time said to have a cognitive, an emotial, a somatic and a behavioral component. All of these components make up the whole, which is Anxiety. In it’s chronic state Social Anxiety Disorder can be disabling, and prevent individuals from completing daily tasks, although with the help of drugs and therapies many of these individuals can battle the disorder and continue on with their lives.